Abstract Zinc deficiency is a growing issue in developing countries. Moreover, it is a well-known fact that the bakery products have very low zinc content and the further loss of zinc occurs during milling of wheat and under baking of end products, which makes it hard to produce nutritional bakery products. For this purpose, zinc sulfate has been incorporated in wheat flour at 0, 32.5, 65, and 97.5 mg/100 g to prepare cookies and determine their physicochemical and nutritional properties as well as stability under controlled storage conditions, i.e. temperature (23-25 °C) and relative humidity (45-55%). The findings exhibited that the cookies-percentage of fat and protein decreased after the addition of zinc sulfate. The fiber content of cookies was non-significantly changed, while the moisture content increased. Moreover, the diameter of cookies significantly increased from 45.65 ± 1.46 cm to 45.84 ± 1.34 cm. The thickness and spread factor of cookies were also effects ranged from 1.49 to 1.54 cm and 30.63 ± 2.98 to 29.76 ± 1.64 respectively. The results revealed that zinc sulfate was stable up to 90 days and under normal baking conditions. Based on the sensorial attributes, it was unveiled that the nutritional cookies were prepared by using 65 mg zinc sulfate with (AARI-2011) wheat flour.

Iguratimod (IGU, also known as T-614), a novel disease modifying antirheumatic drug intended to cure patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of IGU on the pharmacokinetics of CYP2C9 probe drug diclofenac and its metabolite 4′-hydroxy diclofenac in vivo and in vitro. In in vivo experiments, 24 rats were randomly assigned to three groups consisting of the control group (Normal saline), low dose IGU group (10 mg/kg) and high dose IGU group (30 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected from orbital sinuses vein before 1 hour and serial times of giving diclofenac (15 mg/kg) to all the rats. Plasma concentration of diclofenac and its metabolite 4´-hydroxy diclofenac were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed by Winnonlin 6.4 pharmacokinetic software. Moreover, in vitro studies were performed in recombinant human CYP2C9 yeast cell system. IGU at low dose showed no significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of diclofenac and 4-hydroxy diclofenac in vivo when compared with control group (p>0.005). However, at the high dose of IGU, the pharmacokinetic parameters of 4´-hydroxy metabolite of diclofenac increase in half-life (T1/2) and mean area under the curve (AUC0→24), while a decrease in mean clearance (CL, mL/h/kg) and volume of distribution Vz (mL/kg). In addition, in in vitro study, high doses of IGU reduces the metabolism rate of diclofenac. IGU at high dose significantly increase the pharmacokinetics parameters of 4´-hydroxy diclofenac in rats. Additionally, it also showed the potent inhibitory effect on diclofenac metabolism in recombinant human CYP2C9 yeast cells.

RESUMEN Este documento considera un problema de secuenciación de líneas de flujo sin espera (NWFS), donde el objetivo es minimizar el tiempo de flujo total. Proponemos un algoritmo genético (GA) que se implementa en un entorno de hoja de cálculo. El GA funciona como un complemento en la hoja de cálculo. Se demuestra que, con el enfoque propuesto, cualquier criterio puede optimizarse sin modificar la rutina del GA o el modelo de hoja de cálculo. Además, el método propuesto para resolver este problema de clase es de propósito general, ya que se puede personalizar fácilmente agregando o eliminando tareas y máquinas. Varios problemas de referencia ya publicados en la literatura se usan para demostrar la capacidad de resolución de problemas del enfoque propuesto. El conjunto de problemas de la evaluación tiene un rango que varía desde pequeños (7 trabajos, 7 máquinas) hasta grandes (100 trabajos, 10 máquinas). El rendimiento del GA se compara con diferentes técnicas meta-heurísticas utilizadas en la literatura anterior. El análisis experimental demuestra que las soluciones obtenidas en esta nueva búsqueda ofrecen igual calidad que los algoritmos ya desarrollados para el problema NWFS.

ABSTRACT This paper considers a no-wait flow shop scheduling (NWFS) problem, where the objective is to minimise the total flowtime. We propose a genetic algorithm (GA) that is implemented in a spreadsheet environment. The GA functions as an add-in in the spreadsheet. It is demonstrated that with proposed approach any criteria can be optimised without modifying the GA routine or spreadsheet model. Furthermore, the proposed method for solving this class of problem is general purpose, as it can be easily customised by adding or removing jobs and machines. Several benchmark problems already published in the literature are used to demonstrate the problem-solving capability of the proposed approach. Benchmark problems set ranges from small (7-jobs, 7 machines) to large (100-jobs, 10-machines). The performance of the GA is compared with different meta-heuristic techniques used in earlier literature. Experimental analysis demonstrate that solutions obtained in this research offer equal quality as compared to algorithms already developed for NWFS problems.

In recent years, extensive competition for groundwater use among different consumers has exploited major freshwater aquifers in Pakistan. There is an urgent need for appraisal of this precious resource followed by some mitigation strategies. This modelling study was conducted in the mixed cropping zone of the Punjab, Pakistan. Both remote sensing and secondary data were utilized to achieve objectives of this study. The data related to piezometric water levels, canal gauges, well logs, meteorological and lithological information were collected from Punjab Irrigation Department (PID), Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA). Groundwater flow models for both steady and transient conditions were set-up using FEFLOW-3D. Water balance components and recharge were estimated using empirical relations and inverse modelling approaches. Both manual and automated approaches were utilized to calibrate the models. Moreover, sensitivity analysis was performed to see the response of model output against different model input parameters. Followed by calibration and validation, the model was run for different management scenarios, including lining of canal sections, minimization of field percolation, and change of groundwater abstraction. The study results show a drop in groundwater levels for almost all scenarios. The highest negative change was observed for the 4th scenario (i.e. 25% increase in groundwater pumping over a 10-year period), with a value of 3.73 m, by ignoring very wet summer and winter seasons. For normal weather conditions, the highest negative change was observed for the 4th scenario with a value of 2.91 m followed by 2.68 m for the 3 scenario (i.e. 50% reduction in canal seepage and field percolation over a 10-year period). For very wet summer and winter seasons, only one positive change was observed, for the 5th scenario (i.e. 25% decrease in groundwater pumping during 10 years period), with a value of 1.17 m. The changes for all other scenarios were negative. The mitigation strategy may include less groundwater pumping, by supporting cultivation of low delta crops and adjusting cropping patterns considering canal water supplies. It is further suggested to support current modelling results by incorporating more detailed information on cropping and by exploring the effect of climate change.

Abstract: In this paper, we give some fractional integral inequalities of Ostrowski type for s-Godunova-Levin functions via Riemann-Liouville k- fractional integrals. We deduce some known Ostrowski type fractional integral inequalities for Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals and we also prove results for p-functions and Godunova-Levin functions by taking s=0 ans s=1 respectively.

RESUMO A goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) pode ser propagada por sementes, mergulhia, alporquia, enxertia (borbulhia ou garfagem), estaquia (de raiz ou de ramos) ou cultura de tecidos. A propagação por sementes é utilizada na produção de porta-enxertos e na fase inicial do melhoramento genético. Os métodos de propagação vegetativa são utilizados para clonar os genótipos selecionados nas fases mais adiantadas dos programas de melhoramento genético e nos plantios comerciais, pois perpetua todas as características das cultivares de interesse. A presente revisão bibliográfica tem por objetivo abordar os diferentes métodos que podem ser utilizados para propagar a goiabeira, os comercialmente adotados e os avanços obtidos nos últimos anos. Diversas são as tecnologias de propagação disponíveis, entretanto, os níveis de adoção são bastante diferentes entre os países produtores. Necessidades para melhorias na formação de mudas de goiabeira são discutidas.

ABSTRACT Guava (Psidium guajava L.) can be propagated by seed, layering, air layering, grafting (budding or grafting), cuttings (root or shoot) or tissue culture. Propagation by seed is used for rootstock production and for raising populations for screening at early phases in the breeding programs. Vegetative propagation methods are used to clone selected genotypes from these programs and commercial orchards because it perpetuates all characteristics of each cultivar. This review addresses different methods that can be used to propagate guava, the methods commercially adopted and the progress obtained in recent years. There are several propagation technologies available, however, the adoption levels are rather different between producing countries. Needs for improvement on the production of guava trees will be discussed.

Association characteristics of amphiphilic phenothiazine drugs Fluphenazine and Trifluperazine dihydrochloride in water have been examined and their thermodynamic parameters have been calculated using conductometry. The electrical conductivity was measured as a function of concentration at various temperatures and cmc was calculated in the temperature range of 20-50°C. Thermodynamic parameters i.e. standard free energy of micellization, ΔG° , standard enthalpy of micellization, ΔH°m and standard entropy of micellization, ASm were calculated from cmc value using closed association model.

Electrical conductivities were measured to calculate critical aggregation concentration (cac) of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) at various temperature from 298-313K with an increment of 5 K and in this way its thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs energy of aggregation ( ΔGagg), enthalpy of aggregation (ΔHagg ) and entropy of aggregation (ΔSagg) were estimated. The results demonstrate that DSP forms enthalpy driven aggregates through open association process. Furthermore, its interaction with DNA was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The binding constant of DSP-DNA interaction was evaluated at 298 K and 310 K. Gibbs energy of drug-DNAcomplexation was determined by ΔG= -RT 1n k b , enthalpy of its interaction (ΔH) and entropy of adduct formation (ΔS) were obtained from Van't Hoff equation.